Echinochasmus caninus n. comb. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) Infection in Eleven Riparian People in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR

Adult specimens of Echinochasmus caninus n. comb. (Verma, 1935) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) (syn. Episthmium caninum Yamaguti, 1958) were recovered from 11 riparian people who resided along the Mekong River in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. In fecal examinations done by the Kato-Katz technique, the cases revealed eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes, hookworms, and in 2 cases echinostome eggs. To recover the adult helminths, praziquantel 30–40 mg/kg and pyrantel pamoate 10–15 mg/kg in a single dose were given and purged with magnesium salts. Various species of trematodes (including O. viverrini and Haplorchis spp.), cestodes, and nematodes were recovered from their diarrheic stools. Among the trematodes, small echinostome flukes (n=42; av. 3.8 specimens per case) of 0.7–1.2 mm in length are subjected in this study. They are morphologically characterized by having 24 collar spines interrupted dorsally and anterior extension of vitellaria from the cirrus sac or genital pore level to the posterior end of the body. Particularly based on this extensive distribution of vitellaria, the specific diagnosis was made as Echinochasmus caninus. The cases were co-infected with various other helminth parasites; thus, clinical manifestations specific for this echinostome infection were difficult to determine. The present paper describes for the first time human E. caninus infections in Lao PDR. Our cases marked the 4–14th human infections with this echinostome around the world following the 3 previous cases reported from Thailand.

Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in Mexico: three clinical cases from the Peninsula of Yucatan / Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) en México: tres casos clínicos de la Península de Yucatán

Human lagochilascariasis (HL) is a parasite produced by Lagochilascaris minor Leiper 1909 that also can be found in cats and dogs. HL is considered an emerging zoonosis in the Americas, spreading from Mexico to Argentina, and the Caribbean Islands. The present paper describes three HL cases from the Peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico, recorded in the last decade. It describes the characteristics of the lesions and discusses the route of transmission in humans and particularly in the observed patients.

La Lagochilascariasis humana (HL) es producida por Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; el cual es un parásito que puede ser encontrado también en gatos y perros. HL es considerada una zoonosis emergente en América distribuida desde México hasta Argentina y las islas del Caribe. El presente artículo describe tres casos de HL en la Península de Yucatán, México registrados en la última década. Se describen las características de las lesiones y se discute la ruta de transmisión en humanos y particularmente en los pacientes observados.

Studies on the anti-parasitic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound against Dirofilaria immitis in dogs / 대한수의학회지

Dirofilaria (D.) immitis is an important canine parasitic nematode in dogs. D. immitis parasitizes the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of dogs. An ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound (IPPC) was administered to dogs naturally infected with this parasite. IPPC is composed of 68.0, 136.0 and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0, 114.0 and 227.0 mg pyrantel pamoate for small, middle, and large animals. Ivermectin has activity against nematodes and ectoparasites in dogs. Pyrantel pamoate is also effective against nematodes in dogs. Our results showed that this drug combination has good efficacy in D. immitis infected dogs.

The anti-parasitic efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound against canine Toxocara canis and Trichuris vulpis / 대한수의학회지

Toxocara (T.) canis and Trichuris (T.) vulpis are very important canine parasitic nematodes. T. canis parasitize in small intestine and T. vulpis parasitize in large intestine. In order to control of these nematodes, ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound was applied to the dogs infected with these parasites naturally and artificially. This drug was composed of 68.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for small animal, 136.0 microg of ivermectin and 114.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for middle animal, and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 227.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for large animal. Ivermectin in this drug is activity to nematodes and ectoparisites. Pyrantel pamoate in this drug is also activity to nematodes. In this experiment, this drug had a good efficacy against T. canis and T. vulpis in the infected dogs.

Recent Advances in the Use of Anthelmintics for Treating Nematode Infections

The recent trends of parasitic infections in Korea include remarkable decreases of soil-transmitted nematode infections and elimination of lymphatic filariasis. In comparison, enterobiasis (pinworm infection) continues to be prevalent among children and the cases of zoonotic tissue-invading nematode infection are slightly increasing or they are being increasingly diagnosed. In addition, imported parasitoses continue to be problems from the clinical and public health points of view. In this review, the advances in the management and anthelmintic treatment of these nematode infections are briefly reviewed. Albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, flubendazole, pyrantel pamoate, pyrvinium pamoate, oxantel pamoate, levamisole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine are the examples of anti-nematode anthelmintics that are currently being used. Although several of these drugs are known to be broad-spectrum anthelmintics, selection of each drug should be done specifically for each nematode infection, and with consideration of the specific conditions of each patient and the purposes, for example, when performing individual or mass treatment. It is hoped that the chemotherapy regimens reviewed here will help physicians to treat their patients infected with nematode parasites.

Prevalence of the Intestinal Flukes Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai in a Mountainous Area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR

Phongsaly Province, located in the northernmost area of Lao PDR, was previously suggested to be endemic for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection. To confirm, or rule out, this suggestion, the Phonxay village in the Khoua District, Phongsaly Province, was selected for a survey. Ten volunteers (8 men and 2 women aged 31-57 years) who consumed raw freshwater fish and had gastrointestinal troubles were treated with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) and pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg) and purged with magnesium sulfate to recover any worm parasites. Eight of the 10 volunteers expelled 1 or more species of trematodes, nematodes, or cestodes (worm positive rate; 80%). The worms were morphologically identified as H. taichui (861 worms from 8 people), H. yokogawai (59 from 6 people), Phaneropsolus bonnei (1 from 1 person), Trichostrongylus sp. (2 from 2 people), Ascaris lumbricoides (2 from 1 person), Enterobius vermicularis (11 from 3 people), and Taenia saginata (1 strobila with scolex from 1 person). The results indicate that the mountainous area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR, is not endemic for the liver fluke but endemic for intestinal flukes, in particular, Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai.

Ancilostomíase / Ancylostomiasis

A ancilostomíase é uma doença parasitária causada pelos helmintos Ancylostoma duodenale e Necator americanus, com importante.

Utilização de fenbendazole e da associação febantel, pamoato de pirantel e praziquantel no controle de oxiurídeos em gerbis / Use of fenbendazole and the febantel, pamoato of pirantel and praziquantel association in the control of oxiurids in jirds

Eighteen jirds were equally distributed in two treated and one control groups. The commercial products to the fenbendazole base (10mg) and the association of febantel (1.5mg), pirantel (1.44mg) and praziquantel (0.5mg) were orally administred in the concentration of 0.1ml in each group. The effectiveness of febendazole against oxiurids was 81.8 percent, 65.0 and 38.7 percent and for the association of febantel, pirantel and praziquantel was 72.7 percent, 73.8 percent and 51.0 percent on days 7, 14 and 21, respectively. Three applications of that dose of the tested medications, within intervals of 10 days, associated to hygiene, are recommended.

Aphthous stomatitis: correlation with intestinal parasitosis. A report of cases

The present study reveals the efficacy of Tinidazol [Anti -protozoal] and Pyrantel Pamoate [AntiHelminthic] in the control of recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, reported in a group of 7 patients. All the patients showed significant decrease in the intensity of pain and complete relief from recurrence during several months of follow up. These findings show that Aphthous Ulcer may be an oral manifestation of intestinal Parasitosis

Sperm-head abnormalities and dominant lethal effects of anthelmintic drugs in albino rats

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of some anthelmintic drugs on sperm abnormality, micronuclei in bone marrow cells and dominant lethal effects including chromosomal aberrations and developmental toxicity in embryos. Albino male rats were treated with pyrantel pamoate, albendazole, mebendazole and niridazole with a single intraperitoneal injections of different dose levels corresponding to 1.0X, 1.5X and 2X of human therapeutic dose. After 6 and 8 weeks exposure males were mated with untreated females, chromosomal aberrations and development toxicity in rat embryos on day 1 of gestation were examined. It was observed that pyrantel pamoate and niridazole induced increases in sperm abnormalities, micronuclei percentages in bone marrow cells of male rats and a significant increases in chromosomal aberrations and developmental toxicity in embryos over the controls at all dose levels. This increase was dose- dependent and decreased with the time from 6 to 8 weeks exposure indicating that both drugs might be mutagenic and embryo toxic agents. The common types of aberrations were gaps, breaks, end-to-end, endometosis and fragments. On the other hand, albendazole and mebendazole were unable to induce statistically significant increases in sperm abnormalities, micronuclei cells, embryonic chromosomal aberrations and developmental toxicity over the controls at all the dose levels tested indicating that both drugs might not be embryotoxic agents

Epidemiology of human intestinal nematode infections in Wujiang and Pizhou counties, Jiangsu Province, China.

Intestinal nematode infections are considered highly endemic in the Chinese province of Jiangsu. In May 1997, the prevalence of intestinal nematodes infections was determined among all of the inhabitants aged 5 to 65 of the southern Jiangsu village of Yaojiakon (Wujiang County) and the northern Jiangsu village of Jianmiao (Pizhou County). It was determined that the prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hook worm infection was greatly reduced compared to when it was last measured in 1990. The reduction was noted to be particularly impressive in Yaojiakon village where the prevalence of ascariasis and trichiuriasis fell to 2% and 1.5% respectively. Much of this reduction was attributed to improvements in economic development which have occurred in southern Jiangsu Province at a rapid pace. In contrast, the reduction in nematode infections among villagers living in northern Jiangsu was more modest. The most striking reduction in both villages was in school-aged children who since 1988 have received yearly treatments with anthelminthic drugs. The intensity of nematode infections was investigated for hookworm where 70% of hookworm-infected Yaojiakon villagers were found to harbor light infections (< 400 eggs per gram) compared to 83% of hookworm-infected Jianmiao villagers. Necator americanus was the predominant hookworm in Yaojiakon village (South), whereas Ancylostoma duodenale predominated in Jianmiao village (North). The majority (76%) of hookworm-infected patients developed IgG antibodies against N. americanus antigen, although 20% of uninfected patients living in the village also had circulating antibodies. Intestinal nematode infections continue to be a significant public health problem in Jiangsu Province although their prevalence has decreased since 1990.

Eficacia antihelmintica del pamoato de oxantel-pirantel sobre ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura y anquilostomideos / Anthelmintic efficacy of oxantel pyrantel palmoate againts ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura and hookworms

Evaluar la eficacia antihelmíntica del Pamoato de Oxantel-Pirantel en 89 individuos de un sector marginal del Municipio Maracaibo, infestado por Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y Anquilostomideos. Se analizó una muestra fecal de cada individuo mediante examen al fresco, concentración con formol-éter y recuento de huevos por la técnica de Stoll, antes y después y después del tratamiento. El antihelmíntico se administró a dosis única de 10 a 15 mg/kg-p. Se determinó la prevalencia y las asociaciones parasitarias. Se clasificó la población según intensidad de infestación y se evaluó la eficacia antihelmíntica a través de tasa de cura y prueba de reducción de huevos. T.trichiura fue el helminto más prevalente con un 74.2 por ciento de los casos, seguido por A.lumbricoides 62.9 por ciento y Alquilostomideos 20.2 por ciento. El poliparasitismo se presentó en el 51.7 por ciento y se demostró relación de afinidad entre A.lumbricoides y T.trichiura. La tasa de cura y la prueba de reducción de huevos para A.lumbricoides fue del 100 por ciento, para T.trichiura fue el 62.1 por ciento y 63.6 por ciento, y para Anquilostomideos fue del 61.1 por ciento y 38.2 por ciento. Pamoato de Oxantel-Pirantel mostró eficacia contra A.lumbricoides independiente del grado de infestación. Para T.trichiura y Anquilostomideos no se obtuvo una respuesta exitosa

Eficácia anti-helmíntica de três doses de uma associaçäo de pamoato de pyrantel, pamoato de oxantel e praziquantel em gatos naturalmente infectados / Anthelmintic efficacy of three doses of an association of pyrantel pamoate plus, oxantel pamoate and praziquantel in naturally infected cats

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica de três diferentes doses de uma associaçäo de pamoato de pyrantel, pamoato de oxantel e praziquantel em dose única e via oral, em gatos naturalmente parasitados. Os animais foram obtidos no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Município de Diadema (SP) e divididos em quatro grupos de oito animais cada, baseados nos resultados de exames coproparasitológicos. Os gatos do Grupo 1 näo receberam tratamento, os do Grupo 2 foram tratados com 5 mg de pamoato de pyrantel, 5 mg de pamoato de oxantel e 2,5 mg de praziquantel/kg de peso vivo (pv). Os gatos de Grupo 3 receberam 10 mg de pamoato de pyrantel, 10 mg de pamoato de oxantel e 5 mg de praziquantel/kg pv e aos animais do Grupo 4 foram ministrados 20 mg de pamoato de pyrantel, 20 mg de pamoato de oxantel e 10 mg de praziquantel/kg pv. Calculou-se a porcentagem de reduçäo do número de ovos presentes nas fezes e a porcentagem de eficácia. As médias dos números de ovos tiveram um decréscimo significativo já no segundo dia pós-tratamento, independente da dose de medicamento utilizada. Houve decréscimo, näo significativo, dos números de formas imaturas de Toxocara cati e de Ancylostoma spp. nos grupos tratados e significativo em relaçäo às formas adultas. A porcentagem de eficácia contra Toxocara cati foi de 93,0 por cento; 97,6 por cento e 100,0 por cento para os grupos 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Em relaçäo ao Ancylostoma spp. a eficácia foi de 96,5 por cento, 99,0 por cento e 100,0 por cento. O produto mostrou-se eficaz contra Dipylidium caninum, mas näo atuou sobre Physaloptera spp. e Strongyloides stercoralis, no esquema de administraçäo utilizado

Regulation of cholinomimetic action of pyrantel pamoate by calcium channels in Setaria cervi.

Nerve muscle preparation of Setaria cervi (Nematoda:Filarioidea) exhibits spontaneous rhythmical movements when suspended in isolated organ bath containing modified Ringer's solution. Pyrantel pamoate (50 ng/ml) when applied caused initial short lasting stimulation followed by irreversible paralysis. When suspended in calcium free bathing fluid the movements of n.m. preparation showed a gradual decrease both in amplitude and rate of contraction til the movements ceased completely. The effect was similar when EDTA was added to the bath fluid. The stimulant effect of Pyrantel pamoate was blocked in calcium free solution and in bath applied EDTA. Calcium channel blocker Nifedipine in a concentration of 500 ng/ml blocked the effect of Pyrantel pamoate (50 ng/ml). Neither stimulation nor depression of movements was evident with higher concentration of PP (250 mg/ml) the stimulant effect of Pyrantel pamoate was blocked while the depressant effect characterized by decrease in amplitude of calcium is essential for the stimulant effect of Pyrantel pamoate and its response on n.m. preparation is similar to Acetylcholine.

Estudio comparativo del régimen de dosificación única entre albendazol y pamoato de pirantel para tratamiento de enterobiasis en población infantil del Barrio "José A. Anzoátegui" de la ciudad de Puerto La Cruz. 1993 / Comparative study of single dossification regimen between albendazole and pamoate for the treatment of enterobiasis in infant poblation of Barrio \"José A. Anzoátegui\" of the Puerto La Cruz city, 1993

Es poca la importancia que se ha dado a la búsqueda de un tratamiento fácil de administrar, más inocuo y económico para la oxiuriasis, una de las helmintiasis más frecuentes de la población infantil. Esta investigación establece la eficacia de una dosis única de 100 mg. de albendazol al compararla con un fármaco de reconocida eficacia contra esta helmintiasis como el pamoato de pirantel a dosis única de 11 mg/kg peso. Se realizó el diagnóstico de oxiuriasis en 126 niños de 2 a 11 años mediante el método de la cinta adhesiva de Grahan considerándose infectados aquellos que presentaran huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en al menos una de tres muestras seriadas, obteniéndose 62 casos positivos 30 de los cuales recibieron albendazol y 30 pamoato de piratel. A los siete días se repitió el procedimiento diagnóstico seriado obteniendo que ambos fármacos son igualmente eficaces contra la oxiuriasis, curando con albendazol el 93.3 por ciento de los casos y con pamoato de pirantel 100 por ciento, con una diferencia estadísticamente no significativa (p>0.05) con efectos colaterales en 30 por ciento y 13.3 por ciento de los niños tratados respectivamente, siendo la ausencia de colaterales no significativa entre ambos fármacos (p>0.05). Concluimos que ante un niño con oxiuriasis se pueden usar indistintamente dosis únicas de albendazol y pamoato de pirantel, a 100 mg y 11 mg/kg peso respectivamente, con sólo 25 por ciento de la dosis usual de albendazol, con 50 por ciento de sus efectos colaterales, a 25 por ciento del costo y con la posibilidad de tratar cuatro veces más pacientes sin conocer su peso

Efficacy of common broad spectrum anthelmintics against hook worm, Ascaris and Trichiuris in Hat Yai district, Songkhla Province, Thailand.

1. The third therapeutic scheme should be used in the hospital. 2. The second and third therapeutic scheme may be used in mass treatment. 3. The 4th-6th therapeutic scheme is to be considered, reviewed, and evaluated. 4. Model and technology of permanent worms control is to be studied. 5. The treatment and control of Ascaris were simple. Cure with low reinfection rate and long reinfection period was remarkable. 6. The prevalence rate and reinfection rate of Trichiuris was high, and not so sensitive to any antelmintics. 7. The reinfection rate in the second group was not superior to the first group and the third group. This revealed no effectiveness of ovicidal and larvicidal on the helminthiasis. 8. Reinfection rate in the third therapeutic scheme was the least group. 9. Toxicity and side effect were not found in any anthelmintics. 10. Broad Spectrum Anthelmintics are necessary in mass treatment or blind treatment.

Efficacy of pyrantel pamoate either alone or combined with trichlorfon for control of cyathostomes of horses

Através de estudo comparativo, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência anti-helmíntica de pamoato de pirantel, isolado ou associado ao triclorfon, no controle de estrongilídeos de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês. As coproculturas realizadas antes e após os tratamentos levaram consistentemente ao encontro de populaçöes puras de ciatostomíneos com oito células intestinais. As reduçöes de ovos por grama de fezes foram avaliadas do 7§ ao 45§ dias pós-tratamento. Comparando os valores médios de OPG dos equinos tratados com pamoato de pirantel (13,2 mg/kg) associado ao triclorfon (30 mg/kg) e com pamoato de pirantel isolado (13,2 mg/kg), observou-se diferença näo significante (P<0,05) ao longo do experimento, verificando-se, 7 dias após o tratamento, reduçöes médias de OPG de quase 100 por cento e, do 7§ ao 20§ dias, reduçöes ainda superiores a 90 por cento. Os resultados indicam que os dois produtos säo eficazes na reduçäo de ovos por grama de fezes de ciatostomíneos de equinos mantidos sob condiçöes a campo